Assembly
1949Assembly language is the thin layer between human-readable code and raw machine instructions. Every program, regardless …
Unearthing programming languages from the popular to the obscure
Discover how languages old and new still run on modern machines — macOS, Windows, and Docker. From FORTRAN to Rust, every language has a story to tell.
// 1957 - FORTRAN
WRITE(*,*) 'Hello, World!'
// 1972 - C
printf("Hello, World!\n");
// 1995 - Java
System.out.println("Hello!");
// 2015 - Rust
println!("Hello, World!");Start your journey through programming history
Assembly language is the thin layer between human-readable code and raw machine instructions. Every program, regardless …
Java is one of the most influential programming languages ever created. Designed with the philosophy of “Write …
Carbon is an experimental programming language designed at Google as a potential successor to C++. Announced publicly in …
C is arguably the most influential programming language ever created. Developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, …
Fortran (FORmula TRANslation) holds a unique place in computing history as the first widely adopted high-level …
BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming …
Recent explorations and discoveries
Commodore's in-house line of Microsoft 6502 BASIC: the READY. prompt of the PET, VIC-20, Commodore 64, Plus/4 and Commodore 128, from the 1977 PET's BASIC 1 to the C128's BASIC 7.0.
Read more →A comprehensive catalog of 1,200+ programming languages from computing history, with dates, status, paradigms, and categories.
Read more →The file-based formula programming language of Casio's 1989 fx-4500P scientific calculator: named program files, BASIC-style A=expression assignment, Lbl/Goto and ⇒ conditional jumps, and Prog subroutines nested up to nine levels deep in 1,103 steps.
Read more →The BASIC-like programming language of Casio's monochrome fx-9750G graphing calculator: named program files, If/Then/Else, For, While and Do loops alongside Goto/Lbl and ⇒ jumps, Prog subroutines nested ten deep, and Locate/Getkey screen I/O in 26 KB.
Read more →The keystroke-entered program language of Casio's first-generation graphing and programmable calculators (fx-7000G and fx-4000P, 1985, through the fx-7700GE of the mid-1990s): single-letter memories, Lbl/Goto jumps, Isz/Dsz count jumps and the ⇒ conditional.
Read more →The assembly language of COMET, a fictional 16-bit computer that Japan's national Information Technology Engineers Examination invented so that no candidate's real-world CPU would give them an advantage — taught to generations of Japanese programmers from 1986 until CASL II was dropped from the exam in 2023.
Read more →Every language guide includes working code examples, Docker images for instant setup, and progressive tutorials from Hello World to advanced topics.